Predictors of Suboptimal Gain in Exercise Capacity After Cardiac Rehabilitation.

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) improves exercise capacity (EC), but not all CR participants achieve such improvements. Our primary aim was to develop a tool to identify those with suboptimal improvement in EC after CR. We retrospectively analyzed 541 patients enrolled in a phase-II CR program after a cardiac event or intervention from 2003 to 2014. EC was assessed with the 6-minute walk test. We developed a multivariate linear regression model and corresponding nomogram to predict EC after CR. The predictors included in the final model were age, gender, baseline EC, primary referral diagnosis, body mass index, systolic blood pressure at rest, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipid-lowering medication use, and an interaction term of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with lipid-lowering therapy. The prediction model was internally validated using bootstrap methods, and a nomogram was created for ease of use. In conclusion, this tool helps to identify those patients with suboptimal improvement in EC who could be targeted for individualized interventions to increase their performance.

Preexisting atrial fibrillation and cardiac complications after liver transplantation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, and it is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality. Our aim was to determine the impact of preexisting AF on patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). A retrospective case-control study was performed. Records from patients who underwent LT between January 2005 and December 2008 at Mayo Clinic Florida were reviewed. Patients with preexisting AF were identified and matched to patients who did not have a diagnosis of AF. Thirty-two of 717 LT recipients (4.5%) had AF before LT. These patients were compared to a control group of 63 LT recipients. Pre-LT left ventricular hypertrophy (P = 0.03), a history of congestive heart failure (P = 0.04), and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (P = 0.03) were significantly more prevalent in patients with AF versus controls. Intraoperative adverse cardiac events (P = 0.02) and AF-related adverse postoperative events (P < 0.001) were more common in the recipients with known AF. Six patients with paroxysmal AF (19%) developed chronic/persistent AF postoperatively. Graft survival and patient survival were similar in the groups. Although patients with AF had a higher incidence of intraoperative cardiac events, a higher cardiovascular morbidity rate, and a complicated postoperative course, this did not affect overall graft and patient survival.

A perspective on the New American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for cardiovascular risk assessment.

The recently published American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for cardiovascular risk assessment provide equations to estimate the 10-year and lifetime atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in African Americans and non-Hispanic whites, include stroke as an adverse cardiovascular outcome, and emphasize shared decision making. The guidelines provide a valuable framework that can be adapted on the basis of clinical judgment and individual/institutional expertise. In this review, we provide a perspective on the new guidelines, highlighting what is new, what is controversial, and potential adaptations. We recommend obtaining family history of ASCVD at the time of estimating ASCVD risk and consideration of imaging to assess subclinical disease burden in patients at intermediate risk. In addition to the adjuncts for ASCVD risk estimation recommended in the guidelines, measures that may be useful in refining risk estimates include carotid ultrasonography, aortic pulse wave velocity, and serum lipoprotein(a) levels. Finally, we stress the need for research efforts to improve assessment of ASCVD risk given the suboptimal performance of available risk algorithms and suggest potential future directions in this regard.

A summary and critical assessment of the 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in adults: filling the gaps.

The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Task Force on Practice Guidelines has recently released the new cholesterol treatment guideline. This update was based on a systematic review of the evidence and replaces the previous guidelines from 2002 that were widely accepted and implemented in clinical practice. The new cholesterol treatment guideline emphasizes matching the intensity of statin treatment to the level of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk and replaces the old paradigm of pursuing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets. The new guideline also emphasizes the primacy of the evidence base for statin therapy for ASCVD risk reduction and lists several patient groups that will not benefit from statin treatment despite their high cardiovascular risk, such as those with heart failure (New York Heart Association class II-IV) and patients undergoing hemodialysis. The guideline has been received with mixed reviews and significant controversy. Because of the evidence-based nature of the guideline, there is room for several questions and uncertainties on when and how to use lipid-lowering therapy in clinical practice. The goal of the Mayo Clinic Task Force in the assessment, interpretation, and expansion of the ACC/AHA cholesterol treatment guideline is to address gaps in information and some of the controversial aspects of the newly released cholesterol management guideline using additional sources of evidence and expert opinion as needed to guide clinicians on key aspects of ASCVD risk reduction.

Reversible non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction after liver transplantation: a single-centre experience.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (NIC) is an early complication of liver transplantation (LT). Our aims were to define the prevalence, associated clinical factors, and prognosis of this condition. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on patients undergoing LT at our institution from January 2005 to December 2012. Patients who developed NIC were identified. Data collected included demographic and clinical data. RESULTS: A total 1460 transplants were performed in this period and seventeen patients developed NIC. Pretransplant median QTc interval was 459 (range, 405-530), and median E/A ratio was 1 (range, 0.71-1.67). Fourteen patients (82%) were severely malnourished and required nutritional support. Thirteen patients (76%) had renal insufficiency. Median time to onset was 2 days post-transplant (range, 0-20). Echocardiograms showed global left ventricular hypokinesis and a decrease in ejection fraction (EF) from a median of 65% (range, 50-81) pretransplant to a median of 21% (range, 15-32). Median raw model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was 29 in patients with NIC vs. 18 in patients without cardiomyopathy (P = 0.01). There was no significant difference between recipients with NIC vs. recipients without cardiomyopathy regarding donor age, donor risk index, and cold and warm ischaemia time. Recovery of cardiac function occurred in 16 patients, with a median EF of 44% (range, 25-65%) at the time of discharge. The last echocardiogram available showed a median EF of 59% (range, 49-73%). One-year survival of NIC patients was 94.1%. CONCLUSION: Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy is a rare complication after LT. Patients with NIC are critically ill, with high MELD score, and severe malnutrition.

[Evidence-based cardiology: practical applications from epidemiology. IV Cardiovascular risk prediction]. / Cardiología "basada en la evidencia": aplicaciones prácticas de la epidemiología. IV. Modelos de predicción de riesgo cardiovascular.

Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients without established disease allows to match the intensity of risk factor modification to the underlying hazard for cardiovascular events. The cardiologist needs to know the characteristics of current risk prediction algorithms, their advantages and limitations.

Cardiología "basada en la evidencia": aplicaciones prácticas de la epidemiología. IV. Modelos de predicción de riesgo cardiovascular / Evidence-Based Cardiology: practical applications from epidemiology. IV Cardiovascular risk prediction

La estimación del riesgo cardiovascular basal de un paciente sin enfermedad establecida, permite ajustar la intensidad de la intervención preventiva de acuerdo a la probabilidad de desarrollar complicaciones cardiovasculares. El cardiólogo necesita conocer las características de los modelos de predicción de riesgo CV disponibles, sus ventajas y limitaciones.

Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients without established disease allows to match the intensity of risk factor modification to the underlying hazard for cardiovascular events. The cardiologist needs to know the characteristics of current risk prediction algorithms, their advantages and limitations.

[Evidence-based cardiology: practical applications from epidemiology. III. Diagnostic capacity of a clinical test]. / Cardiología "basada en la evidencia": Aplicaciones prácticas de la epidemiología. III. Capacidad diagnóstica de una prueba clínica.

This article reviews different characteristics of validity in a clinical diagnostic test. In particular, we emphasize the likelihood ratio as an instrument that facilitates the use of epidemiologic concepts in clinical diagnosis.

Cardiología "basada en la evidencia": Aplicaciones prácticas de la epidemiología. III. Capacidad diagnóstica de una prueba clínica / Evidence-Based Cardiology: practical applications from epidemiology. III. Diagnostic capacity of a clinical test

Este artículo revisa de manera práctica las diferentes características de validez de una prueba diagnóstica. En particular, se destaca la razón de probabilidad como una herramienta que facilita el uso de conceptos epidemiológicos en el diagnóstico clínico.

This article reviews different characteristics of validity in a clinical diagnostic test. In particular, we emphasize the likelihood ratio as an instrument that facilitates the use of epidemiologic concepts in clinical diagnosis.

[Evidence-based cardiology: practical applications from epidemiology. II. The use of biomarkers]. / Cardiología " basada en la evidencia": aplicaciones prácticas de la epidemiología. II. El uso de biomarcadores.

The use of biomarkers that show an association with the development of cardiovascular disease needs a careful evaluation in regard to the quality of evidence that establishes their relationship. Although observational studies have been paramount to establish the importance of the traditional risk factors, we can only screen and intervene on biomarkers when there is demonstrated benefit in well-designed randomized clinical trials.

Cardiología "basada en la evidencia": aplicaciones prácticas de la epidemiología. II. El uso de biomarcadores / Evidence-Based Cardiology: practical applications from epidemiology. II. The use of biomarkers

El uso de biomarcadores que muestran una asociación con el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular necesita una valoración cuidadosa de la calidad de la evidencia que establece su relación. Aunque los estudios observacionales han sido fundamentales para establecer la importancia de los factores de riesgo tradicionales, únicamente podemos hacer escrutinio e intervenir sobre biomarcadores cuando existe evidencia benéfica de estudios aleatorios clínicos controlados bien diseñados.

The use of biomarkers that show an association with the development of cardiovascular disease needs a careful evaluation in regard to the quality of evidence that establishes their relationship. Although observational studies have been paramount to establish the importance of the traditional risk factors, we can only screen and intervene on biomarkers when there is demonstrated benefit in well-designed randomized clinical trials.

[Evidence-based cardiology: practical applications from epidemiology I. The evaluation of a novel drug or therapy]. / Cardiología "basada en la evidencia": aplicaciones prácticas de la epidemiología I. La valoración de medicamentos o terapias novedosas.

The substantial increase of randomized controlled trials demand familiarity with the essential aspects of their design and performance by the cardiologist, particularly the adequate interpretation and applicability of the results. In this clinically-based review, we discuss some important aspects in the assessment of novel contemporary therapy such as the use and analysis of composite endpoints; implications from early termination of trials and extrapolation of results to the population.

Combined effect of cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity on mortality in patients with coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: High cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index (BMI) are associated with decreased mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Our objective was to determine the joint impact of fitness and adiposity measures on all-cause mortality in this subgroup. METHODS: Coronary artery disease patients (n = 855) enrolled in the Mayo Clinic cardiac rehabilitation program from 1993 to 2007 were included. Fitness levels were determined by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Patients were divided into low and high fitness by sex-specific median values of peak oxygen consumption and total treadmill time. Adiposity was measured through BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). RESULTS: There were 159 deaths during 9.7 ± 3.6 years of mean follow-up. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, low fitness, shorter treadmill time, low BMI, and high WHR were significantly associated with increased mortality. Using low WHR-high fitness group as reference, significantly increased mortality was noted in low WHR-low fitness (hazard ratio 4.2, 95% CI, 1.8-9.8), centrally obese-high fitness (2.3, 1.0-5.4), and centrally obese-low fitness (6.1, 2.7-13.6) groups. Overweight-high fitness (2.2, 0.63-7.4), obese-high fitness (3.2, 0.88-11.4), and obese-low fitness (3.3, 0.96-11.4) subjects did not have a significantly different mortality as compared with the reference group of normal weight-high fitness subjects, whereas normal weight-low fitness (9.6, 2.9-31.8) and overweight-low fitness (6.8, 2.1-22.2) groups had significantly increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Low fitness and central obesity were independently and cumulatively associated with increased mortality in coronary artery disease patients attending cardiac rehabilitation. The association of BMI with mortality is complex and altered by fitness levels.

Cardiología "basada en la evidencia": aplicaciones prácticas de la epidemiología. I. La valoración de medicamentos o terapias novedosas / Evidence-based cardiology: practical applications from epidemiology. I. The evaluation of a novel drug or therapy

El incremento sustancial de estudios terapéuticos que utilizan el diseño aleatorio controlado, demanda que el cardiólogo se familiarice con los aspectos esenciales en el diseño y conducción de los mismos, con énfasis particular en la interpretación adecuada y la aplicabilidad de sus resultados. En esta revisión basada en casos clínicos, se discuten algunos aspectos importantes en la valoración de terapia novedosa contemporánea como el uso y análisis de objetivos de eficacia compuestos; implicaciones de la terminación temprana de estudios y la extrapolación de resultados a la población.

The substantial increase of randomized controlled trials demand familiarity with the essential aspects of their design and performance by the cardiologist, particularly the adequate interpretation and applicability of the results. In this clinically-based review, we discuss some important aspects in the assessment of novel contemporary therapy such as the use and analysis of composite endpoints; implications from early termination of trials and extrapolation of results to the population.